time

By Hannah Ackermans, 17 January, 2017
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The central objective of this paper is to provide a new conceptual theoretical framework starting from the role of new new media in shaping a new kind of literature, which I call Cosmo-Literature. Towards this, I start working from Levinson’s differentiation among old media, new media, and new new media to arrive at the difference among the variable types of media. Next, I address the role of new new media in establishing world democracies and changing the social, cultural, and political world map. After that, I investigate the terms of “global village” and “cosmopolitanism” in relation to literature. To clarify what I mean by Cosmo Literature, I will investigate two new new media novels: Only One Millimeter Away, an Arabic Facebook novel by the Moroccan novelist Abdel-Wahid Stitu, and Hearts, Keys and Puppetry an English Twitter novel by Neil Gaiman, to infer the characteristics of Cosmo literature in general and Cosmo narration in particular.
What I mean by Cosmo-literature is all forms of literature produced by the capabilities provided by new new media. These include digital works but also examples where the digital artifact is printed or presented in other media.
Cosmo literature is derived from the political, social, and cultural context that the whole world lives in nowadays. Appiah’s cosmopolitanism as “universality plus difference” is the most significant term to refer to the pluralistic and universal society of today. Respecting diversity, caring about each other, and kindness are the moral principle of the cosmopolitan society according to Appiah. My project builds on Appiah to argue that digital media facilitate the cultural co-existence of the peoples of the cosmopolitan society. As long as such a society has its own morals and identity, it is logical to have its own literature, which I believe to be Cosmo-Literature.
The investigation of two new new media novels: Only One Millimeter Away, an Arabic Facebook novel, and Hearts, Keys and Puppetry an English Twitter novel, has shown many features of Cosmo-Literature in its relation to cosmopolitanism. At the heart of these features are interactivity, multilingualism, multimediality, suspense, new literariness, blurring the boundaries between the real and the fictional, and creating new dimensions of time. Those features also play as the characteristic features of the group identity of the universal society of today.

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Description (in English)

Concept "The End of the White Subway" is a strange little text-game that bears some resemblance to a text adventure or interactive fiction... more or less the way a toadstool resembles a geranium. Is this a game? If being a game requires consequential decisions, controllable actions, differential outcomes, and quantification (score), then it's a game. If your definition includes fun, well... This project is really more like a time simulator -- though in some ways every game is that. It invites you to think about the passing of time (all those moments you'll never get back), the way things change even as they stay the same, what you think you are doing when you can't do much of anything, and how you know when it's time to leave the train. What You Can Do Ride the train from station to station: either click Continue or simply press any key while you are in Train mode. (You'll need to click once in the text window, or use the Continue link initially, in order to set focus.) Each station of your passage comprises a screenful of text. The text is always different, or perhaps always the same. Look at things: The Earth is full of them. Examinable objects show in red when under the cursor. Click to inspect. Some objects are described in text, some with images. Collect things: You may add objects to your Inventory after you inspect them. Clicking the Inventory link at left shows you what you have. You are only allowed to hold seven things. The system will automatically delete the oldest item if you exceed the limit. Delete or Expend things: Every item in your inventory is preceded by an X. Click here to remove the item. Some items go quietly. Others perform certain actions before they disappear. Read (or not) a story: Occasionally the view will change from Train mode to something more coherently narrative. Read (or not) and then follow the link to return. This story has a beginning and an end, and a beginning and no end. Ask for help: Use the Help link at left. Ask for as much help as you can stand. Exit: Use the Exit link whenever you feel you are ready. Leaving the train ends the game. Technical Notes The game is built entirely in Javascript and plain-vanilla HTML/CSS. This means it is stateless, so remember that leaving the page means wiping out your game. Recommended browser is the current build of Firefox (Mozilla). The game will run in Safari with minor visual glitches. Internet Explorer doesn't recognize keystrokes to advance the game, but seems to handle all other aspects. I haven't even started debugging this thing, so expect trouble. (Source: ELO 2015 Conference Catalog)

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By Hannah Ackermans, 28 November, 2015
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It is too easy to fall into prognostications of electronic literature as the end of literature or as a new beginning. (...) Such views imply too much teleology, and see electronic literature purely as the unfolding of the possibilities of the apparatus. The rhetorical logic at work is literalization, i.e. taking literary works as the sum of their technical features. (Rui Torres & Sandy Baldwyn, eds. 2014. PO.EX: Essays from Portugal on Cyberliterature and Intermedia. Morgantown, WV: Center for Literary Computing: xv-xvi).

Our panel title, adapted from Manuel António Pina’s poetry book (1), serves to interrogate our notions of literary art today, when we consider its current production and distribution through various media (printed codex, programmable media, digital platforms, Internet, social networks). The ironical paradox contained in the phrase “it is just a little bit late” seems to suggest the idea that not much has changed despite the so-called “big changes” (in the case of Pina, it is relevant to know that his work was published in 1974, the year of the Portuguese revolution). Taking his ironical premise into the field of literature, it is legitimate to ask ourselves how literary art has changed across these media incarnations, how meaningful is “the electronic” for a definition of literature, what changes are actually significant, and how they impact on notions of author, work, reader and literary experience. The papers in this panel offer three perspectives on the end(s) of electronic literature and may be described as attempts to de-literalize its technical apparatus.

(1) Manuel António Pina (1943-2012). The title of his poetry book is “Ainda não é o fim nem o princípio do mundo calma é apenas um pouco tarde” [“It’s not yet the beginning or the end of the world remain calm it’s just a little bit late”]. This book was originally published in 1974.

(Source: ELO 2015 Conference Catalog)

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ISEA2015’s theme of DISRUPTION invites a conversation about the aesthetics of change, renewal, and game-changing paradigms. We look to raw bursts of energy, reconciliation, error, and the destructive and creative forces of the new. Disruption contains both blue sky and black smoke. When we speak of radical emergence we must also address things left behind. Disruption is both incremental and monumental.

In practices ranging from hacking and detournement to inversions of place, time, and intention, creative work across disciplines constantly finds ways to rethink or reconsider form, function, context, body, network, and culture. Artists push, shape, break; designers reinvent and overturn; scientists challenge, disprove and re-state; technologists hack and subvert to rebuild.

Disruption and rupture are fundamental to digital aesthetics. Instantiations of the digital realm continue to proliferate in contemporary culture, allowing us to observe ever-broader consequences of these effects and the aesthetic, functional, social and political possibilities that arise from them.

Within this theme, we want to investigate trends in digital and internet aesthetics and revive exchange across disciplines. We hope to broaden the spheres in which disruptive aesthetics can be explored, crossing into the worlds of science, technology, design, visual art, contemporary and media art, innovation, performance, and sound.

(Source: http://isea2015.org/about/theme/)

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By Alvaro Seica, 15 May, 2015
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This paper argues that digital literature can be understood as a social hermeneutic dispositif. To demonstrate this thesis, an experimental book is presented. It is written/read using a geo-tagging software, that restitutes, to the reader acting as a co-author in a Web 2.0/3.0 context, the combination of significant (semantic) keywords (or tags) with a given city place and with a certain social temporality. The novel’s title is based in the philosophical idea of deixis, i.e., the articulation of space (geo), time (neo) and logos (discourse, reason). In the interface, the fictional text presents, at each scene, 3 writing/reading itineraries, each one using a specific literary medium/language, referring, in a greater or lesser extent, to dimensions ‘space’, ‘time’ and ‘logos’. A first text has linguistic nature and was deconstructed into several sub-texts types: narrative (mention of major events), dialogic (characters dialogues) and meta-informative (keywords, tags). A second ‘text’ uses visual language inherent to characters and scenery photos (space or synchronic level) subjacent to the novel’s scenes (time or diachronic level). A 3rd ‘text’ refers to the language of maps, which represent the course (time) of the paths (space) used by novel’s characters in their daily lives both in the real and fictional world. The first (seminal) author associated photos both to the moment they were taken and to the urban space where these photos were captured or to a point in cyberspace.

(Source: ELD 2015)

By Alvaro Seica, 3 February, 2015
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In his essay ‘Ego’ (2013), Frank Schirrmacher describes how, by means of a digitalized global marketing strategy, a virtual double of the human subject is installed: the subject as agent or player in the market, represented in data collections and rendered predictable in game-theoretical data analysis. Game theory has failed to predict the behavior of real-world people; yet, in their virtual second existence, the subject is forced into a game-theoretical predictability. In recent big data technology, the subject’s double (or “number two”, as Schirrmacher calls it) is becoming more and more powerful, with nearly every action of a person immediately becoming an action embedded in the big game of the virtual market – a market that in turn becomes more and more game-theoretical in its ways of functioning.
In my talk, I will use Schirrmacher’s radical view as a heuristic starting point for examining the temporal dimension of both digitalization and financialization in the early 21st century. The timing of the markets has changed drastically – as much an effect of the digital revolution as of the shift from revenue to shareholder value, and from stock exchange to derivatives trading. When Benjamin Franklin posited that “Time is Money”, capitalism was still focused on both the productive labor of workers and the future outcomes of human planning (the logic of investments); today’s economy, defined by both financialization and digitalization, instead focuses on acts of decision making – acts on which game theory focuses as well. Indeed, what in entrepreneurial investment is about future opportunities, is decided upon in the present in a financialized market. The future is thereby left in the aggregate state of its mere virtuality. Meanwhile, as Schirrmacher describes, big data economy reduces human agents into the game-theoretical homo oeconomicus, technology reduces the time employed in the act of decision making at the stock and bond markets to the millisecond of a transaction. In short: Time is no longer money – timing is.
At the same time, the market turns away from human invention to embrace machinic prediction. The temporality produced by capitalism – which once held the utopian dimension of investment (modeling a future, then trying to build it) – morphs into a financialized temporality of mere decision making (predicting risks and trying to handle them). The ‘humanist’ dimension of capitalism is thereby lost, with capitalist markets eliminating human inventiveness from the scene in favor of the ‘developers’ of ever-more sophisticated data machines. Ultimately, the future ceases to be something to be built by humans; it instead becoming something whose eventualities have to be predicted by machines. Financialization therefore is perhaps the most important (albeit less considered) of the numerous agents propelling a post-humanist future.

(Source: Author's Abstract)

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In 2008, Phillipe Bootz published a monograph version of Alire to commemorate the publication of his programmed poems that date to 1977-1978 (matrix poetry) and to 1988, the first version of Alire (0.1) that was presented in 1989 at the Centre Pompidou. In Alire 13, Bootz presents the unedited and difficult to find works.
One of the works that make part of this compilation is “Le Nouveau prépare l’ancien” which dates to 2001. At the beginning of this cinematographic poem, one hears the voice of a man that explains the instructions to navigating the program. It is not clear to whom the voice belongs, but it is present through the entire poem. A message on the screen informs the user that he may skip the intro by clicking on the screen. The voice then continues to give a description of the poem saying that one can click on the words of the poem to see what can happen. After this introduction, the poem begins with the images of hour glasses. At the same time, the same narrator talks about time and describes it as “the first friend of man”. The voice continues to explain the relationship between man and time. On the screen, the works “le nouveau… prépare… l’ancien”, the title of the poem, appear. With these words and images of hour glasses, one has the feeling of time and its effect on mankind due to time’s control of life. Shortly after, the screen is divided in two images. The image on the top half is still an hour glass; the image on the bottom is also an hour glass behind what appears to be a window as it rains. However, the rain in this situation is that of letters: o’s and n’s that fall as rain. In the corner of the bottom image one can find the word “ici” which may be interpreted as the letters falling on “here” or on “us”.
The narrator describes these letters that fall like the sand in the hour-glass. However, he recognizes the difference between the rain of the sand and the rain of the words because the words can take different forms. He continues with a comparison of the word “mot” and the word “temps”. He notices that one only needs to add an “s” to “mot” to make the word plural and describes it as funny. In the case of “temps”, it already has the “s” in the singular that would make it plural. This comparison is interesting because the narrator presents the idea that “temps” is singular, but at the same time plural in terms of spelling. There can be a single time, but it carries an effect over all lives, similar to the letters that fall on “us”. The metaphor of the rain of words is reinforced by the sound of a storm in the background. The voice describes the words as violent, but a violence that one wants to last a long time. At the end, the voice mentions death, since it is the result of time. Thus, one has the feeling that the goal of literature is to organize words in a way to escape death, the result of time. This last remark of the narrator towards time, one may interpret, as the message of the poem. The poet does not want to be forgotten; therefore he wants his literature to be read. Only the words and the forms they take can escape time and death, because the rest of us depend from the hour glass.

Description (in original language)

En 2008, Philippe Bootz a publié une version monographe du journal alire, pour l’anniversaire de la publication de ses poèmes programmés qui datent de 1977-1978 (poésie matricielle) et de 1988, la première version d’Alire (0.1) qui a été présenté en 1989 au Centre Pompidou. Dans Alire 13, Bootz nous présente des œuvres inédites ou difficilement trouvables.
L’une de ces œuvres qui fait partie du numéro est « Le Nouveau prépare l’ancien » qui date du 2001. Au début de ce poème cinétique, on entend la voix d’un homme qui explique les instructions pour faire marcher le programme. Il n’est pas clair à qui appartient la voix, mais la voix est présente pendant tout le poème. Un message indique au lecteur qu’il peut passer l’introduction simplement en cliquant sur l’écran. La voix donne une description du poème en disant qu’on peut cliquer sur les mots du poème pour voir ce qui peut arriver. Après cette introduction, le poème commence avec des images photographiques de sabliers. En même temps, un narrateur parle du temps et le décrit comme « le premier ami de l’homme ». La voix continue d’expliquer la relation du temps et de l’homme. Sur l’écran, on voit les mots « le nouveau…. prépare…. L’ancien » le titre du poème. Avec ces mots et les images des sabliers, on a le sentiment du temps et de son effet sur l’homme car c’est le temps qui contrôle et dirige la vie de l’homme. Puis, l’écran est divisé en deux images. L’image en haut est toujours un sablier ; l’image en bas est aussi un sablier derrière une fenêtre sur laquelle il pleut. Cependant, la pluie dans cette situation est une pluie de lettres ; il des o et de n tombent en bas de l’image comme de la pluie. Dans le coin de la deuxième image il y a un le mot « ici » ; donc les lettres tombent sur « ici », sur nous.
Le narrateur décrit les mots qui tombent comme le sable dans les sabliers. Cependant, il reconnait la différence entre la pluie du sable et la pluie des mots car les mots font de formes. Il continue avec une comparaison du mot « mot » et le mot « temps ». Il voit qu’on ne fait qu’ajouter le « s » à pour le rendre pluriel en disant que c’est marrant. Puis, il parle du mot « temps » qui est toujours avec un « s ». Cette comparaison est intéressante car le narrateur présente cette idée que le temps est singulier, mais à la fois pluriel en termes d’orthographe. Il peut y avoir un seul temps, mais le temps a un effet sur les vies de tous, comme les lettres qui tombent sur « ici ». La métaphore de la pluie de mot est renforcée par le son d’une tempête. La voix décrit les mots comme « violents », mais une violence que l’on veut qui durent pendant longtemps. A la fin, la voix mentionne la mort, car c’est le résultat du temps. Donc, on a le sens que le but de la littérature est d’organiser nos mots pour échapper à ce résultat du temps et exister pour toujours. Cette dernière exclamation du narrateur envers la mort, peut-être peut-on interpréter comme message qu’il veut transmettre. Le poète ne veut pas être oublié donc il veut que sa littérature soit toujours lue. Seuls les mots et les formes des mots (les œuvres) peuvent échapper au temps et à la mort, car pour le reste, nous dépendons du sablier.

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Description (in English)

“En Réponse à la lampe” was published in the journal "alire n°6" for the first time in 1992. In 1996, it was ported. This animated poem gives an important amount of possibilities for reading thanks to the apparition and the disappearance of the various bribes. The poem moves on a black screen and the text is mostly printed in white. The text is made of some stable elements in time, which allows the reader to memorize a small amount of verses at a time. Some other verses on the other hand, appear and disappear as they please anywhere on the screen, making it difficult to construct a meaning, because of the transitory aspect of the poem. An esthetic of frustration appears, because when verses appear, they fade right away. However, the transitory aspect of the text allows a temporal reading, based on the reader’s memory. The printed text seems to be the following: « Des étoiles réduire l’infini à la taille du nôtre rendre sécable la lumière elle prolonge le geste /leur passé notre présent sur la terre comme au ciel un futur pas un présent » The word that is mobile and appears furtively is “le futur” (“the future”), which appears as though it was blinking, as though it was passing on the screen. Several words and expressions are also chromatically accented (words become red), or blurry. These words have a temporal connotation, “leur passé” (“their past”), “redonne un futur à la mort” (“give another meaning to death”), “pas un présent” (“not a present”) and “un futur” (“a future”). Once all the verses are on the screen, and that we try to reconstitute a meaning, the words fade away and several beams burst on the screen, like light beams, like a white, monochrome prism of light. Then, the text “pas un présent” appears on top of these beams. The end of the poem seems to be a dedication and the signature of the author. The poem was dedicated to Patrick Burgaud, who also is an author of digital literature and kinetic poetry. Finally, the date, the title and the name of the author appear and the poem ends. Meditating on the nature of the animated poem, the speed of the transitory poem, of the temporal theme suggested by the bribes and the light suggested by the title, one could easily deduct that the poem is a reflection and an illustration of time passing, the brevity of time but also on the fact that we cannot grasp our future the word “futur” fades away and passes several times). This theme goes hand in hand with animated poetry, because the furtive aspect of the verses echoes the furtive aspect of life.

Description (in original language)

« En réponse à la lampe » a été publié dans le journal « alire n°6 » pour la première fois en 1992. En 1996, un portage informatique a été réalisé. Ce poème animé donne une possibilité importante de lectures grâce à l’apparition et la disparition de nombreuses bribes. Le poème bouge sur un écran noir, et le texte est pour la plupart imprimé en blanc. Le poème est composé de quelques éléments plutôt stables dans le temps, qui permettent au lecteur de pouvoir mémoriser un très petit nombre de vers, puis d’autres éléments ou vers apparaissent et disparaissent à leur guise, n’importe où à l’écran, rendant difficile de remédier à un sens quelconque, à cause de l’aspect transitoire du poème. Une esthétique de la frustration surgit de ce poème car, au moment où les vers apparaissent, ils s’estompent aussitôt. Cependant, l’aspect transitoire du texte permet une lecture temporelle, basée sur la mémoire du lecteur. Le poème imprimable semble être celui-ci : « Des étoiles réduire l’infini à la taille du nôtre rendre sécable la lumière elle prolonge le geste /leur passé notre présent sur la terre comme au ciel un futur pas un présent » Le mot qui est mobile et qui apparaît de façon furtive est « le futur » qui apparaît comme s’il clignotait, puis comme s’il défilait à l’écran. Plusieurs mots et expressions sont également doués d’une accentuation chromatique (les mots deviennent rouges) ou ont un effet de flou. Ces mots ont une connotation temporelle « leur passé », « redonne un futur à la mort », « pas un présent » et « un futur ». Une fois que l’on a à l’écran presque tous les vers, et que l’on tente de construire une signification, les mots s’estompent et plusieurs faisceaux éclatent à l’écran, tels des faisceaux de lumières, comme un prisme de lumière monochrome, blanc. Puis le texte « pas un présent » apparaît. La fin du poème semble être une dédicace et une signature de l’auteur. Le poème a été dédié à Patrick Burgaud, également auteur de littérature numérique et poésie cinétique. Puis la date, le titre et l’auteur du poème apparaissent, et le poème prend fin. En méditant sur la nature du poème animé, la vitesse du poème transitoire, du thème temporel suggéré par les bribes et de la lumière suggéré par le titre, nous pouvons déduire que ce poème est une réflexion et une illustration du passage du temps, sur la brièveté du temps qui passe mais aussi sur le fait que l’on ne puisse pas saisir notre futur (le mot futur s’estompe et défile à plusieurs reprises). Ce thème correspond donc bien avec la poésie animé, car l’aspect furtif des vers du poème fait écho avec l’aspect furtif de la vie.

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Description (in English)

Transient self–portrait is an artistic research project questioning notions of reading and the electronic medium while exploring the possibilities of coding to interact with the work. I take as the point of departure two pivotal sonnets in Spanish literature that are normally studied alongside each other, En tanto que de rosa y azucena by Garcilaso de La Vega, a 16th Century Spanish poet, using Italian Renaissance verse forms and Mientras por competir con tu cabello by Luís de Gongora, a 17th Century Spanish poet from the Baroque period. Gongora's sonnet is a homage to Garcilaso's and the styles and the cultural aspects that appear on the sonnets are very different reflecting the attitudes from the Renaissance and the Baroque. This project is a response to some of the concepts that emerge from these sonnets; ephemerality of life, consummation, transient entities, fragility, which are also relevant to our age and the electronic world we inhabit. The creative process is that of producing, reflecting, programming and testing the medium to explore these notions in an electronic media society of dialogues with self-images, engaging the participant in a reading experience of ‘in’ and ‘out’ of language, via webcams and interactive aesthetics. The sonnets pass from different stages of written, visual, aural, language and code to dissipate into nothing.

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