linearity

By Daniele Giampà, 10 April, 2015
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Alan Bigelow tells in this interview how he started publishing online works of digital poetry around the year 1999 and where his inspirations for his work come from. Furthermore he explains why he chose to change from working with Flash to working with HTML5 and in which way this decision subsequently changed his way of writing. Then he considers the transition from printed books to digital literature from the point of view of the reader also in regards of the aesthetics of digital born literature. In the end he gives his opinion about the status of electronic literature in the academic field.

By Jill Walker Rettberg, 23 August, 2013
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Our linear expectations of digital presentations (and the scorn associated with “Death by PowerPoint) have been transformed by the availability of tools such as Prezi, an editor that allows for the juxtaposition of images, text, and other media on a telescoping canvas that relies on linear paths for exploring nonlinear content. Prezi acts an infinite canvas, recalling Scott McCloud’s model for a future of sequential art on the web defined not by pages but by the screen as portal to an expanding and linked storyspace, allowing for continual layering of meaning and data using the methods of what Henry Jenkins describes as environmental storytelling. Alexandra Saemmer's use of Prezi as a space for experimenting with electronic literature breaks our expectations of a tool originally designed for presentations. The adaptation of tools of this kind towards the development of literary experiences reveals the fundamental transformations of procedural expectations and linked structures in online spaces: the co-location and linking of ideas to create meaning is now a matter of course. A similar limited model of the expanding canvas is used in Jason Shiga’s Meanwhile, a work whose digital iPad form more clearly conveys the extent of its connected and intertwined threads than the pages of its corresponding codex can contain. In considering the evolution of text within electronic literature, the nonlinear and interactive natures of a work often make even the most textual of electronic literature defy easy translation to printed codex. I’ll examine the juxtaposition of linear and nonlinear in these works, and suggest how we can see the impact of evolving conceptions of meaning in web spaces on electronic literature (and vice versa) through probing at the construction of text through rejection of the page.

(Source: Author's abstract at ELO 2013: http://conference.eliterature.org/critical-writing/spirals-meaning-expl… )

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By Scott Rettberg, 28 June, 2013
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La première caractéristique de l'entreprise de numérisation à l'oeuvre dans les arts et les lettres est la dématérialisation de leurs supports spécifiques. Dans le cas de la littérature, cette dématérialisation conduit à une rupture avec notre culture du livre qui va au-delà d'un simple changement de support. Nos modes de pensée et nos formes de mise en discours sont, en effet, si intimement liées au livre que son effacement programmé dans l'univers du numérique produit un ébranlement qui n'est pas seulement technologique mais aussi intellectuel et épistémologique. Pour le dire brièvement, le livre, de par sa nature propre, est fondé d'abord sur la succession des pages et secondairement sur une organisation hiérarchisée de sa matière rendue possible par la mise en place progressive d'outils destinés à en faciliter la consultation tels que la division en chapitres ou la table des matières. Ces deux caractéristiques essentielles que sont la linéarité des pages et la hiérarchisation des contenus ont contribué à modeler durablement notre habitus discursif et rhétorique. Avec l'hypertexte, elles sont toutes les deux remises en question.

Dans le domaine de la littérature et plus particulièrement de la littérature fictionnelle, la linéarité discursive est sévèrement atteinte par le dispositif hypertextuel. Celui-ci se caractérise, en effet, par une délinéarisation du discours narratif auctorial et par sa relinéarisation par un lecteur singulier. Ce report de l'auteur vers le lecteur de l'ordonnancement des unités narratives n'est certes pas total. L'auteur garde la prérogative de l'offre. C'est lui qui décide des liens qui seront proposés au lecteur. Mais cette offre se trouve privée des secours habituels de la rhétorique narrative. Le lecteur est placé devant des choix difficiles qui sont facteurs de dissonance cognitive: quel lien suivre ? Comment anticiper sur le fragment à venir ? Comment savoir où en est l'histoire ? Quant à l'auteur, il doit inventer une rhétorique hypertextuelle pour pallier le caractère désormais elliptique de la narration. Comment qualifier la nature des liens proposés au lecteur ? Comment guider ses choix ? Sur quoi fonder sa relation avec lui en l'absence de pacte de lecture assuré ? Toutes ces questions n'ont pour le moment reçu que des réponses singulières. Ce sont quelques-unes de ces réponses que je me propose d'examiner maintenant.

(Source: Author's introduction)

By Sissel Hegvik, 20 April, 2013
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Den arabiske skrift er omgærdet af mystik og uforståelighed, måske fordi den er udspændt mellem den største betydning og den rene abstraktion - gennemsyret af metafysisk betydning og fuld af ærefrygt. Samtidig har forbudet mod det figurative og repræsentationen avlet en ustyrlig vækst af mønstre og arabesker. Karen Wagner introducerer en række moderne kalligrafer: mellemøstlige, ofte eksilerede kunstnere, som skaber forbindelse til fortidens tradition, såvel som vestlige “asemikere”, for hvem kalligrafien åbner en alternativ indgang til skriftbilledet, oplevelsen af sproget, ja måske endda selve tanken.

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Han, som underviste i pennens brug,
lærte mennesket det, det ikke vidste.

-Qur'an, Sura Al-'Alaq (96:4-5)

Description (in English)

 Created specifically for the ELO Symposium, this piece is a textual response to net art and electronic literature, in the form of an essay/poem/opinion as animated gif. Words replace each other over time. The user is not allowed to interact in any way other than opening or closing the page. The piece exposes a personal nostalgia for linear things, exact categorization, and known objects as well as a simultaneous excitement and apprehension regarding the future or net art, virtual worlds, and abstract literature.

(Source: 2002 State of the Arts gallery)

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By Jill Walker Rettberg, 14 January, 2011
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21 June 1992
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Coover's "The End of Books" essay in the New York Times significantly introduced hypertext fiction to a wider literary audience. The essay describes that ways that hypertext poses challenges for writers and readers accustomed to coventional narrative forms, including assumptions about linearity, closure, and the division of agency between the writer and reader.

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Much of the novel's alleged power is embedded in the line, that compulsory author-directed movement from the beginning of a sentence to its period, from the top of the page to the bottom, from the first page to the last. Of course, through print's long history, there have been countless strategies to counter the line's power, from marginalia and footnotes to the creative innovations of novelists like Laurence Sterne, James Joyce, Raymond Queneau, Julio Cortazar, Italo Calvino and Milorad Pavic, not to exclude the form's father, Cervantes himself. But true freedom from the tyranny of the line is perceived as only really possible now at last with the advent of hypertext, written and read on the computer, where the line in fact does not exist unless one invents and implants it in the text.

Although hypertext's champions often assail the arrogance of the novel, their own claims are hardly modest.

With hypertext we focus, both as writers and as readers, on structure as much as on prose, for we are made aware suddenly of the shapes of narratives that are often hidden in print stories. The most radical new element that comes to the fore in hypertext is the system of multidirectional and often labyrinthine linkages we are invited or obliged to create.

How does one resolve the conflict between the reader's desire for coherence and closure and the text's desire for continuance, its fear of death? Indeed, what is closure in such an environment? If everything is middle, how do you know when you are done, either as reader or writer? If the author is free to take a story anywhere at any time and in as many directions as she or he wishes, does that not become the obligation to do so?